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Work done during isothermal expansion of n moles from V1 to V2 at temperature T:

Answer: nRT ln(V2/V1).

  • A nRT ln(V2/V1)
  • B nRT(V2-V1)
  • C nRT(V2/V1 - 1)
  • D nR delta T

Correct answer: A. nRT ln(V2/V1)

Explanation: W = nRT ln(V2/V1) for isothermal expansion of ideal gas.

Carnot Cycle (P-V Diagram)VP1→2: isothermal expansion (T_H)2→3: adiabatic expansion3→4: isothermal compression (T_C)4→1: adiabatic compression1234Net work done by the gas = area enclosed by the loop 1→2→3→4→1

The Carnot cycle alternates two isothermal steps (heat absorbed at TH, released at TC) with two adiabatic steps (no heat exchange); the enclosed loop area equals the net work output, and η = 1−TC/TH is the maximum possible efficiency between those two temperatures.

Concept context

Laws of thermodynamics, heat engines, entropy, and gas processes.

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